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The Science of Climate Change

Climate change is no longer a distant threat or just a possibility, it is now a reality for all of us. In this pathway, Kevin Trenberth, a renowned climatologist, delves into the science behind climate change. He first introduces the climate system, its main components and forces.

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Plastic pollution is by far the biggest threat to our oceans and this remains an incredibly tough problem to solve. Plastic credits could potentially serve as one of the much needed solutions for this crisis.

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+1,000 expert presented, on-demand video modules

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Build, scale and manage your organisation’s learning

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The Scale of the Net Zero Challenge

The price of meeting net zero is estimated to be between $100-150 trillion over the next 30 years. Regardless of this cost, we need to reach net zero before climate change does irreversible damage to the environment and the economy.

ESG, Sustainability and Impact Jargon Buster

ESG, sustainability, impact… they all just mean green, right? Not quite. Despite being used often interchangeably, there are distinct differences between these terms.

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Green Covered Bonds

Green Covered Bonds

Richard Kemmish

30 years: Capital markets & covered bonds

The Covered Bond market has pioneered the idea of green covered bonds. In this video, Richard goes into detail on how this came about.

The Covered Bond market has pioneered the idea of green covered bonds. In this video, Richard goes into detail on how this came about.

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Green Covered Bonds

8 mins 46 secs

Key learning objectives:

  • Outline the green covered bond market today

  • Understand the structure and assets of the green covered bond market

  • Outline the future of the green covered bond market

Overview:

The green covered bond market has developed in Europe to provide finance for buildings that meet high sustainability standards, as well as for public-sector green projects and loans for renewable energy sources. The market has grown organically, but is now adapting to new legislation such as the EU Green Bond Standards and the taxonomy of sustainable economic activities. The market has a total outstanding of around €51 billion, with most of the bonds denominated in euros. As with most green bond markets, there is a small price differential between green bonds and regular bonds of the same issuer, which is expected to increase with new rules requiring investors to report the percentage of their assets that are green.

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Summary

What benefit can green covered bonds provide and what is the status of the market today?

Green covered bonds provide an opportunity to finance sustainable building projects and public-sector green projects. With buildings being the largest energy-consuming sector in Europe, the covered bond market, which funds about 30% of the mortgages in Europe, can play a significant role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

The green covered bond market has developed steadily since the first green covered bonds were issued in April 2015, with 54 issuers of sustainable covered bonds from 13 countries as of June 2022. As with most green bond markets, green covered bonds have a price differential, which is explained by a wider pool of investors willing to buy green bonds. As new rules require investors to report their green assets, we can expect this differential to increase over time.

What assets are eligible for green covered bonds and what structure can they take?

Green covered bonds have specific eligibility criteria for the assets they can finance. Most green covered bonds now conform to the EU sustainable finance taxonomy. The taxonomy requires that economic activity contributes to one of six environmental objectives, including climate change mitigation and adaptation, while also avoiding significant harm to other objectives. The three categories of assets that are eligible for green covered bonds are the renovation of existing buildings to improve energy efficiency, the construction of new energy-efficient buildings, and the acquisition and ownership of efficient buildings. 

Most green covered bonds are secured on green assets that already meet the eligibility criteria, but a use of proceeds approach, where money raised must be used to finance new eligible assets, is being considered in the EU's Green Bond Standard. Green covered bonds also conform to the Green Bond Principles, which include reporting requirements and third-party verification of green credentials.

What does the future hold?

The green covered bond market is likely to grow as the market adapts to new regulations, including the EU Green Bond Standards, upcoming changes to mortgage credit and energy performance directives, and new disclosure standards. With the decline of central bank funding, the market has already seen an increase in green covered bond issuance, and changes in investor disclosure rules may increase the premium paid for green bonds. However, eligible collateral is finite, so banks may turn to alternative funding sources. Overall, the growth of green covered bonds is expected to continue to contribute to greenhouse gas reduction goals.

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Richard Kemmish

Richard Kemmish

Richard is a consultant working mainly in the covered bond market. He helps Finance Ministries and Central Banks in countries without covered bond laws to put legal frameworks in place. He has also helped the European Commission with their legislative agenda for covered bonds and related products.

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