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The Science of Climate Change

Climate change is no longer a distant threat or just a possibility, it is now a reality for all of us. In this pathway, Kevin Trenberth, a renowned climatologist, delves into the science behind climate change. He first introduces the climate system, its main components and forces.

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Plastic pollution is by far the biggest threat to our oceans and this remains an incredibly tough problem to solve. Plastic credits could potentially serve as one of the much needed solutions for this crisis.

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+1,000 expert presented, on-demand video modules

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The Scale of the Net Zero Challenge

The price of meeting net zero is estimated to be between $100-150 trillion over the next 30 years. Regardless of this cost, we need to reach net zero before climate change does irreversible damage to the environment and the economy.

ESG, Sustainability and Impact Jargon Buster

ESG, sustainability, impact… they all just mean green, right? Not quite. Despite being used often interchangeably, there are distinct differences between these terms.

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Tackling Wealth Disparity with a Consumption Tax

Tackling Wealth Disparity with a Consumption Tax

Larissa Marioni

10 years: Macro Economist

In this video, Larissa provides new empirical evidence and discusses the implementation of different types of consumption taxes, including a direct progressive consumption tax, and its potential distributional effects on households and the economy.

In this video, Larissa provides new empirical evidence and discusses the implementation of different types of consumption taxes, including a direct progressive consumption tax, and its potential distributional effects on households and the economy.

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Tackling Wealth Disparity with a Consumption Tax

10 mins 40 secs

Key learning objectives:

  • Understand the limitations of the current tax system

  • Outline the pros and cons of the three tax policy simulations assessed by NIESR

Overview:

A progressive consumption tax compensates for consumption over time and allows low-income households to consume more, and it incentivises employment as labour is not taxed. NIESR conducted a study on the implementation of different types of consumption taxes in the UK and found that a progressive consumption tax can smooth consumption over a person's lifetime, enabling them to earn and save without tax disincentives. It also allows low-income households to consume more as the tax is only imposed after a certain level is achieved. Furthermore, it incentivises employment as labour is not taxed, which increases flexibility regarding labour and leisure choices. Lastly, it increases savings for all income groups, allowing households to accumulate wealth over their lifetime.

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Summary

What are the limitations of the current tax system and how could a progressive consumption tax change this?

The current tax system in the UK has several limitations. Firstly, households at the bottom of the income distribution pay a higher proportion of their income on essential goods, resulting in them paying more in indirect taxes. This raises questions about the equity of the system. Secondly, the current system of income tax, National Insurance contributions, VAT and corporation tax is complex and administratively burdensome. Additionally, income tax only covers some sources of income and there are several forms of tax penalties based on employment types. The implementation of a progressive direct consumption tax could address some of these limitations, but it raises several transition issues, such as how to deal with imported goods, double taxation for pensions and registered assets, and different capital taxes. Phasing in the consumption tax gradually and allowing for exemptions could help with the transition.

What tax policies did NIESR simulate?

NIESR simulated three tax policy scenarios using a microsimulation model and data covering approximately 40,000 individuals from 20,000 households, representative of the UK population. The scenarios include replacing VAT and consumption duties with a 15% flat-rate tax on consumption (simulation 1), replacing the current tax system with a flat-rate direct consumption tax rate of 41.3% (simulation 2), and replacing the current tax system with a progressive flat-rate direct consumption tax rate of 78% with a tax-free threshold of £100 per week (simulation 3). The analysis aims to achieve budget neutrality, distributional neutrality, and focus on inequality of adult equivalised consumption while studying behavioural effects.

What was the outcome of the study?

Simulation 1: Negligible impact on consumption, employment and wealth effects. Limited behavioural effects overall

Simulation 2: Increased inequality of equivalised consumption, with the introduction of the direct consumption tax leading to a decrease in lifetime consumption for the bottom quintile of the income distribution and an increase for the top quintile

Simulation 3: Improved welfare by allowing households to smooth consumption, incentivising employment, and increasing savings and wealth accumulation for all income groups

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Larissa Marioni

Larissa Marioni

Larissa Marioni is a Senior Economist at the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) and a Research Associate at the Economic Statistics Centre of Excellence (ESCoE). Her research interests lie primarily in labour economics, particularly related to education and migration with a broader interest in development economics and public policy. She holds a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Southampton.

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